By Andrea Shalal, Howard Schneider and Pete Schroeder
WASHINGTON/SINGAPORE (Reuters) - U.S. authorities launched emergency measures on Sunday to shore up confidence in the banking system after the failure of Silicon Valley Bank threatened to trigger a broader financial crisis.
After a dramatic weekend, regulators said the failed bank’s customers will have access to all their deposits starting Monday and set up a new facility to give banks access to emergency funds. The Federal Reserve also made it easier for banks to borrow from it in emergencies.
While the measures provided some relief for Silicon Valley firms and global markets on Monday, worries about broader banking risks remain and have cast doubts over whether the Fed will stick with its plan for aggressive interest rate hikes.
"We think the steps taken by the Fed, Treasury and (the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp) will decisively break the psychological 'doom loop' across the regional banking sector," said Karl Schamotta, chief market strategist at Corpay in Toronto.
"But, fairly or not, the episode will contribute to higher levels of background volatility, with investors watching warily for other cracks to emerge as the Fed's policy tightening continues."
Regulators also moved swiftly to close New York’s Signature Bank (NASDAQ:SBNY), which had come under pressure in recent days.
The wider efforts to avert a crisis lifted Wall Street stock futures in Asian trade on Monday, helping broader markets.
Lingering concerns about the financial sector weighed on bank shares in Asia, with Japan's Mitsubishi UFJ (NYSE:MUFG) hitting a two-month low and Singapore's DBS a four-month low. Hong Kong shares of HSBC and Standard Chartered (OTC:SCBFF) pared early losses to trade near-flat.
European stock markets fell 0.6% in early trade, while banking stocks fell just over 1%. U.S. stock futures were higher. Asian shares outside Japan climbed over 1% while the blue-chip Nikkei tumbled 1%.
The Biden administration's intervention underscores how a relentless campaign by the Fed and other major central banks to beat back inflation is putting stress in the financial system and global markets.
Silicon Valley Bank (SVB), a mainstay for the startup economy, was a product of the decades-long era of cheap money, with unique risks that made it especially vulnerable. But as a run on the bank ensued last week, worries that other regional banks shared similarities spread quickly.
With the Fed poised to continue raising rates, investors said the financial system may not be fully out of the woods yet.
Goldman Sachs (NYSE:GS) analysts said they no longer expect the Fed to raise rates by 25 basis points at its next policy meeting on March 21-22, amid the stress in the banking sector.
"What investors have to expect coming into tomorrow and beyond is that we are going to be dealing with a lot of event risk," said Michael Purves, chief executive of Tallbacken Capital Advisors. "There are still going to be lingering questions with other regional banks."
DEPOSITORS PROTECTED
The collapse of SVB - the largest bank failure since 2008 - sparked concerns over whether small-business clients would be able to pay their staff, with the FDIC only protecting deposits of up to $250,000.
Some 89% of SVB's $175 billion in deposits were uninsured as of the end of 2022, according to the FDIC.
All depositors, including those whose funds exceed the maximum government-insured level, will be made whole, according to a joint statement by U.S. Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen, Fed Chair Jerome Powell and Federal Deposit Insurance Corp Chair Martin Gruenberg on Sunday evening.
A senior U.S. Treasury official said the actions taken would protect depositors, while providing additional support to the broader banking system, but officials and regulators were continuing to monitor financial system stability.
"The firms are not being bailed out. The depositors are being protected," the official said.
The risk would be borne by the Deposit Insurance Fund, which has sufficient funds to do so.
Providing the systemic risk exceptions was deemed quicker than waiting for a possible buyer, the official said.
'WIPED OUT'
Treasury officials said depositors of New York's Signature Bank, which was closed Sunday by the New York state financial regulator, would also be made whole at no loss to the taxpayer.
Signature, like SVB, had a clientele concentrated in the tech sector, and the securities on its balance sheet had eroded as interest rates rose. As of September, almost a quarter of Signature’s deposits came from the cryptocurrency sector, but the bank announced in December that it would shrink its crypto-related deposits by $8 billion.
While all customer deposits will be protected, new policies adopted Sunday will "wipe out" equity and bondholders in SVB and Signature Bank, a senior U.S. Treasury official said.
Together with the Fed's decision to ensure financial institutions can meet the needs of all their depositors, the steps would "restore market confidence," the official said.
Fed fund futures surged on Monday to imply only a 17% chance of a half-point rate hike by the Federal Reserve when it meets next week, well off the 70% before the SVB news broke last week.
Graphic: GRAPHIC-Total deposits in the U.S. banking system- https://www.reuters.com/graphics/USA-ECONOMY/DEPOSITS/byprlqgrgpe/chart.png
The Fed said it would make additional funding available through a new Bank Term Funding Program, which would offer loans of up to one year to depository institutions, backed by Treasuries and other assets these institutions hold.
When the coronavirus pandemic triggered financial panic in March 2020, the Fed announced a series of measures to keep credit flowing by lowering borrowing costs and lengthening the terms of direct loans. By the end of that month, use of the Fed's discount window facility shot up to more than $50 billion.
Through the middle of last week, before SVB's collapse, there had been no indications of usage picking up, with Fed data showing weekly outstanding balances of $4 billion to $5 billion since the start of the year.
UK FALLOUT
In Britain, where SVB has a subsidiary, the government and Bank of England held talks over weekend to find a solution that would avert the local lender from failing.
In a move reminiscent of the financial crisis era, early on Monday in London HSBC announced it was buying Silicon Valley Bank UK for 1 pound ($1.21). It said the subsidiary had loans of around 5.5 billion pounds and deposits of around 6.7 billion pounds as of March 10.
While SVB UK is small - HSBC's balance sheet exceeds $2.9 trillion - concerns that SVB's failure would cause Britain's start-up industry to seize up had prompted calls from the sector for government to intervene.
British start-ups backed by venture capital have around 2.5 billion pounds, largely in deposits, "locked" in SVB UK, according to a weekend survey by an industry body, seen by Reuters.
Graphic: The Discount Window- https://www.reuters.com/graphics/USA-FED/DISCOUNT/zjvqjyrwwpx/chart.png
($1 = 0.8256 pounds)