Between Thursday and the end of next week, six central banks meet. First up we have Sweden's Riksbank and Norway's Norges Bank, which hold policy meetings on Thursday. Next week is the BoJ, RBA, BoE, and the FOMC.
Of these central banks, the Riksbank is the most likely to adjust policy, and even that's not an odds-on-favorite scenario. A Bloomberg survey found 26 of 27 respondents do not expect the Riksbank to cut rates while three in ten expect more bond purchases.
The case for easing rests on the underperformance of inflation, despite the negative rates and asset purchases. Headline CPI in September slipped to 0.9% from 1.1% in August, which is a four-year high. The underlying rate, which is not a core rate, but simply uses fixed-rate mortgages, slipped to 1.2% from 1.4% and is the lowest in four months.
Although Sweden's growth appears robust, it will not be sustained. On Wednesday, the debt office tweaked this year's growth forecast to 3.3% from 3.2%. However, next year's forecast was cut to 1.9% from 2.2%.
The case against easing is two-fold. First, as the Riksbank wanted, the krona has weakened. On a trade-weighted basis, it has fallen by nearly 5.5% over the past five months. Sweden is a very open economy (exports plus imports equals more than 90% of GDP). That means the depreciation of the krona on a trade-weighted basis has a greater impact than on a more closed economy like the US or the eurozone. The depreciation of the krone is tantamount to around 2% easing of monetary conditions. According to the OECD, the krona is now 2.3% over-valued. In April it was nearly 12% over-valued.
Second, Sweden's debt office announced a sharp reduction in bond issuance next year. In June, it anticipated SEK77 bln (~$8.6 bln) of new issuance. It cut that to SEK66 bln Wednesday. The Riksbank is buying SEK45 bln of bonds in H2 16. At the end of the year, it will hold SEK245 bln -- or around 45% of the total supply. The purchases have already slowed from the initial rounds of QE and given next year's supply, extending its buying again will likely be at a slower pace. No one has called this tapering, but that's what tapering would look like. The Riksbank has another meeting before the end of the year. By holding off a decision until then, it will have the benefit of knowing what the ECB intends.
Last month, Norges Bank indicated that it no longer projects the need to cut rates again. A Bloomberg survey found that 28 of 29 respondents expect a stand-pat decision on Thursday. Norway's policy mix is dramatically different than Sweden's., which has an easy monetary policy and a tight fiscal policy. Its deficit was 1.7% of GDP in 2014 and fell to 1.1% in 2015. It is being halved this year to around 0.5%, where it is expected to be in 2017 as well. Norway's is running a diminishing budget surplus and borrowing funds from its petroleum fund.
Norway's headline inflation hit 4.4% in July, the highest since 2008. It has since fallen to 3.6%. The underlying rate, which excluded tax changes and energy, was at 2.9% in September, after spiking to 3.7% in July, the highest since the time series began in 2000.
Since Norges Bank signaled that policy was on hold, the trade-weighted krone has appreciated by about 3.25%. The OECD estimates that the Norwegian krone is the second-most overvalued of the major currencies (behind that Swiss franc) at 15.5%. From 2003 to late 2014, the krone was more than 20% overvalued, according to the PPP model. In terms of valuation, the krone has not been this overvalued since 2002.
The euro has entered a consolidative phase against the Swedish krona over the past two weeks. The SEK9.76 marked the peak a fortnight ago, while a shelf has been carved ahead of SEK9.68. The euro has been trading broadly sideways against the Norwegian krone this month (~NOK8.90-NOK9.1). The risk is that the euro's consolidation morphs into an outright correction.