CME Group (CME) has reported a robust performance in the first quarter of 2024, achieving record average daily volume (ADV) and revenue figures. The company's ADV hit 24.6 million contracts, marking the third highest in its history, with treasuries and options reaching unprecedented levels. The non-U.S.
ADV also set a new record at 7.4 million contracts, fueled by growth in energy, agricultural products, and metals. Revenue soared to nearly $1.5 billion, a 30% increase from the previous year's quarter. CME Group's (NASDAQ:CME) adjusted net income and earnings per share were the highest in its history at $911 million and $2.50, respectively. The company remains focused on providing risk management products and driving earnings growth.
Key Takeaways
- CME Group's ADV for Q1 2024 reached 24.6 million contracts, with treasuries and options at record levels.
- Non-U.S. ADV also hit a new high of 7.4 million contracts, driven by energy, agricultural products, and metals.
- Revenue for the quarter was nearly $1.5 billion, up 30% year-over-year.
- The company reported the highest quarterly adjusted net income and earnings per share in its history.
- CME Group continues to prioritize risk management products and earnings growth.
Company Outlook
- The company is filing for U.S. treasury clearing, expecting SEC review in Q4, with the mandate effective in 2026.
- They anticipate continued growth and the need to hedge in the credit markets, with an addressable market of about $90 billion ADV.
- CME Group plans to offer margin efficiencies between US treasury futures and credit futures, as well as against equity benchmarks for high yield.
- The company values its investment grade rating and aims to maintain a target leverage level of one times.
Bearish Highlights
- Upcoming debt refinancing in March 2025 will be approached based on current market rates.
- Specific methods for commercializing cloud-based data offerings and revenue generation are still under consideration.
Bullish Highlights
- Record growth in metals activity, especially gold and base metals, due to changing expectations and client participation.
- Strong revenue growth in data services, with ongoing collaboration with Google (NASDAQ:GOOGL) on data delivery methods.
- The launch of credit futures is expected to offer market potential and margin efficiencies.
- Portfolio margining agreements with DTC have led to volume growth in treasury futures.
- Energy market share remained stable, with growth in buy-side and commercial customers and record options volume.
Misses
- The company did not provide specific numbers of firms providing liquidity in the interest rate futures market.
Q&A Highlights
- CME Group is not actively seeking M&A but is open to valuable opportunities.
- The company has a strong offering with capital efficiencies to compete effectively in the market.
- Expense guidance and progress on the Google cloud migration were discussed.
- CME Group plans to further develop its data platform, including historical market data and risk information.
CME Group's first quarter of 2024 showcased significant achievements across various asset classes and initiatives. The company's focus on risk management products and earnings growth is evident in the record-setting ADV and revenue figures. While CME Group is not actively pursuing mergers and acquisitions, it remains open to opportunities that would benefit clients and shareholders. The upcoming launch of credit futures and the company's collaboration with Google highlight its commitment to innovation and efficiency. CME Group's positive outlook is further supported by its strong performance in the energy sector and its strategic focus on data services and cloud migration. Despite the challenges of commercializing new offerings and maintaining market share, the company's leadership is optimistic about the future and the continued need for sophisticated risk management solutions among its expanding client base.
InvestingPro Insights
CME Group's impressive first quarter performance in 2024 is further illuminated by key financial metrics and market insights from InvestingPro. With a market capitalization of $76.54 billion USD, the company's valuation reflects its significant presence in the financial markets. The P/E ratio stands at 24.04, which indicates that investors are willing to pay a premium for CME's earnings, possibly due to the company's consistent profitability and growth prospects.
InvestingPro Tips highlight CME Group's track record of financial stability and reward to shareholders. The company has raised its dividend for five consecutive years and has maintained dividend payments for 22 years, showcasing its commitment to returning value to its investors. Additionally, analysts predict CME will remain profitable this year, which aligns with the company's historical performance, including profitability over the last twelve months.
Revenue growth also remains a strong point for CME, with an 11.19% increase in the last twelve months as of Q1 2024. This growth trajectory is supported by the company's strategic initiatives and its ability to capitalize on market trends.
For readers interested in a deeper dive into CME Group's financial health and future prospects, InvestingPro offers additional insights. There are more InvestingPro Tips available at https://www.investing.com/pro/CME, including the company's high return over the last decade. To access these insights, readers can use the coupon code PRONEWS24 to get an additional 10% off a yearly or biyearly Pro and Pro+ subscription.
Full transcript - Cme group inc. (CME) Q1 2024:
Operator: Welcome to the CME Group first quarter 2024 earnings call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. During the Q&A session, if you’d like to ask a question, you may press star, one on your phone. I’ll now turn the conference over to Adam Minick. Please go ahead.
Adam Minick: Good morning, and I hope you’re all doing well today. We released our executive commentary earlier this morning, which provides extensive details on the first quarter 2024, which we will be discussing on this call. I’ll start with the Safe Harbor language, and then I’ll turn it over to Terry. Statements made on this call and in the other reference documents on our website that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements. These statements are not guarantees of future performance. They involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict, therefore actual outcomes and results may differ materially from what is expressed or implied in any statement. Detailed information about factors that may affect our performance can be found in our filings with the SEC, which are on our website. Lastly, on the final page of the earnings release is a reconciliation between GAAP and non-GAAP measures. With that, I’ll turn the call over to Terry.
Terrence Duffy: Thanks Adam, and thank you all for joining us this morning. I’m going to make a few brief comments about the quarter and the overall environment. Following that, Lynne will provide an overview of our first quarter financial results. In addition to Lynne, we have other members of our management team present to answer questions after the prepared remarks. Our performance in the first quarter was strong evidence of the ever-growing need for risk management globally. First quarter average daily volume of 24.6 million contracts was the third highest quarterly ADV in CME Group’s history. The only higher quarters were the first quarter of 2020 at the onset of the pandemic, and the first quarter last year, which was impacted by the significant bank turmoil in March and created a much tougher comparison for March of 2024. Despite not specific macro event or change in Federal Reserve rates occurring in Q1, we had the highest January ADV to date, up 16% year-over-year, and a February that included the highest monthly interest rate ADV in our history of 17.2 million contracts, or up 6%. We achieved quarterly ADV records for both treasuries of 7.8 million contracts and the overall options of 5.9 million contracts. Both equity index and energy options reached all-time high levels. Our non-U.S. ADV also reached a record level of 7.4 million contracts. This was driven largely by 38% growth in energy, 29% in ag products, and 7% in metals. In total, we delivered 14% ADV growth across our physical commodity products to 4.7 million average daily volume, which included 16% year-over-year growth for both energy and ag products. This strong first quarter activity across our business lines helped generate record adjusted quarterly financial results which Lynne will detail in just a moment. Activity so far in April has continued to build on many of these trends following the strong first quarter of our physical commodity asset classes. They are up 26% to date in April as of April 22. Metals ADV specifically is up 76% and the complex reached its highest daily volume in history of 1.7 million contracts on April 12. On the financial side of the business, the CPI released on April 10 was a great example of how important every data point is for the market to adjust positions to manage risk. We reached nearly 44 million contracts traded that day and the wide range of views around the health of the global economy and the nuance related to interpreting the many different economic indicators continues. As a result of the strong market dynamics, year-to-date through April 22, our ADV is up 4%, including year-over-year growth in all six of our asset classes. CME Group continues to provide deep, liquid markets across global benchmarks to deliver the most operational and capital efficiencies to market participants. CME Group’s multi-asset class offering is in higher demand today than ever. I’m now going to turn the call over to Lynne to review our financial results.
Lynne Fitzpatrick: Thanks Terry, and thank you for joining us this morning. During the first quarter, CME generated nearly $1.5 billion in revenue, up 30% from a very strong first quarter in 2023. Within the physical commodities asset classes, quarterly revenue was up 14% year-over-year and represented approximately one-third of clearing [indiscernible] in the quarter. Market data revenue reached a record level of 6% to $175 million. Other revenue increased 37% to $104 million, largely due to the increased non-cash collateral fee implemented in January. Continued strong cost discipline led to an adjusted expenses of $462 million for the quarter and $374 million excluding license fees. Our adjusted operating margin for the quarter was 68.9%, up from 68.2% in the same period last year. CME Group had an adjusted effective tax rate of 23%. Driven by the strong demand for our risk management products, we delivered the highest quarterly adjusted net income and earnings per share in our history at $911 million and $2.50 respectively, both up 3% from the first quarter last year. This represents an adjusted net income margin for the quarter of over 61%. Capital expenditures for the first quarter were approximately $16 million, and cash at the end of the period [indiscernible] $1.7 billion. CME Group paid dividends during the quarter of approximately $2.3 billion or nearly $25 billion [indiscernible] form of dividends since [indiscernible] variable dividend policy in early 2012. We’re very proud to deliver [indiscernible] quarterly earnings in our history and are pleased to see this strong start [indiscernible] second quarter. Year to date through April 22, 42 or more than half of our trading days have been over 25 million contracts, versus 28 days last [indiscernible] more consistent higher demand for our [indiscernible]. At CME Group, we continue to focus on providing the risk management products needed by our clients and driving earnings growth for our shareholders. We’d now like to open up the call to your questions.
Operator: The phone lines are now open for questions. [Operator instructions] The first question in the queue is from Chris Allen with Citi. Your line is now open.
Chris Allen: Yes, morning everyone. Thanks for taking my question. I wanted to focus on the U.S. treasury complex - record activity in the quarter. Obviously there was a lot of chatter out there, maybe some more peak rate activity - does not seem to be the case, but maybe how are you thinking about the U.S. treasury complex, what’s driving it? Any color on the impact from the CME DTCC cross-margining, and then also U.S. treasury clearing, which you’ve applied to clear the cash U.S. treasury, how are thinking about that from a structural impact perspective but also if there’s any revenue opportunities around that. Sorry for the multi-part question.
Terrence Duffy: No problem, Chris. Again, we’ll unpack that a little bit, and then I’m going to ask Tim, probably Suzanne and myself will all kind of answer the three different parts of it. Let’s just talk about--I think the first part of your question was around is it the peak activity around treasuries. I think that would be really difficult to draw that conclusion in lieu of what’s going on fundamentally around the world and in the United States, so I just don’t see how anybody can draw a conclusion that this is the peak of that activity. Activity should generate more, if in fact the Fed does cut, so that would generate more activity. It doesn’t need to just go up in order to generate activity, as you know, Chris, so I would say that it’s a far way of saying that we are not near a peak as it relates to activity in the treasury market. As far as the DTCC and the clearing, I’ll let Tim and Suzanne respond to that respectively.
Suzanne Sprague: Yes, thank you very much, Terry, and thank you for the question. We do continue seeing increased participation in the cross-margin program between ourselves and the fixed income clearing corporations. Some of those clearing members are seeing upwards of 75% to 80% in margin savings, and that’s in addition to the portfolio margining program that we offer within CME between our interest rate futures, options and swaps, which in the first quarter of 2024 continued delivering average daily savings of about $7 million, so holistically those capital efficiencies solutions, I think have been a great story for market participants in achieving record savings over time and continued consistent savings for the first quarter of this year.
Terrence Duffy: Tim, you have anything to add?
Tim McCourt: Chris, I think maybe just the one thing to add on the treasury complex is when we look at the long term growth of that complex, the volume and open introduce continue to grow with the stock of outstanding treasuries, and over the last 10 years, the stock of that treasury has roughly doubled and when we look out, the congressional budget office also is forecasting it to double over the next 10 years. When we look to where the total net issuance is currently occurring in Q1, while it was little changed from Q4 in terms of the net issuance, it was much more coupon-heavy than previous quarters, and when we look as the treasury ramps up in notes and bonds to issue that finance these growing budget deficits, that plays very well into the complex of the products that we offer and, as Terry stated in his remarks, furthering the growth that we’ve seen where the treasury complex had the record Q1 of 7.8 million contracts across futures and options, and we expect the general issuance backdrop to continue to be a tailwind for that complex.
Terrence Duffy: And Chris, let me just add to one thing that I was going to say at the beginning, but on the treasury complex, to say that as it peaked, you know and everybody on the call knows that the different amount of opinions that’s out there related to what the Fed is going to do or not do is all over the map, and everybody’s been absolutely, for the most part wrong. You had anywhere from six rate cuts predicted six months ago coming into ’24, to three that was advertised by the Fed, now people are going anywhere between zero, none, and somewhere in between that. I have no idea what’s going to happen, but there’s a big difference of opinions out there which also generate a tremendous amount of activity. One of the things we don’t talk about, and we haven’t talked about since SVB failed, was their duration risk, and I’m not suggesting others are going to fall into this, but the longer that rates are higher, you have to think that others are watching this and need to make sure they manage that risk on duration. I think that’s an equation that most people that are sitting on these treasuries was not accounting for, say just as little as three to six months ago.
Chris Allen: Appreciate the color. Anything on U.S. treasury clearing?
Terrence Duffy: On the U.S. treasury clearing, I will say that we--I made the announcement that we are going to file an application as it relates to this. We are in the very early stages of completing that application. I think we’ve said publicly that we’ll probably look at some time in the fourth quarter before we can have that being viewed by the SEC, and then we’ll go from there; but again, I think from our standpoint, the mandate doesn’t kick in until sometime in ’26, and we’ll be prepared either way to go forward with it if it’s in the best interest of CME and its participants.
Chris Allen: Thank you.
Terrence Duffy: Thanks Chris.
Operator: The next question in the queue is from Dan Fannon with Jefferies. Your line is open.
Dan Fannon: Thanks, good morning. Was hoping to get a little more color on some of the activity in the commodities and metals markets, maybe talk about the health of the customer given the robust increase in volumes. Has there been any change in position limits or other things that might potentially curtail some of the activity that’s been happening?
Terrence Duffy: Derek?
Derek Sammann: Yes, I think we’ve seen a really spectacular rise in our metals activity, and Dan, as you know, our metals activity is made up both of the precious metal side and the base metal side. Q1 was a little bit quiet - volumes up for the first quarter were 4%. What you’ve seen is a significant move and change in expectations around the role that gold is playing in the market. I think a lot of us scratched our heads over the last few years about why gold was stuck below $2,000. We saw a significant run-up in participation and growth and we’ve actually seen very healthy activity and participation across each of our client segments. When you look at kind of the spread of activity in that market, it’s a market that has very healthy participation across not just the commercial participants but buy side as well, and we’ve seen that activity increase and accelerate. In Q1, we saw really nice growth on the base metal side of the business, up 15%. There was a lot of questions there about global growth, questions around China and electrification generally of the grid globally. That’s typically really good for markets like copper and aluminum, where we’re seeing records in the early stages of our aluminum growth there. When you look at the growth and the activity, we see it healthy across client segments. We’re seeing significant growth across regions, and our options business, as Terry said earlier, set records not just for options but the full complex in April, so very happy with the client growth, very happy with the product growth across asset classes, and across regions as well.
Terrence Duffy: Dan, let me just add to what Derek said, because I think it’s really important. We talked a moment ago in our prepared remarks about how all six asset classes are achieving the levels that they are doing. I’ve talked to several people just recently as the metals run-up has happened, who I thought never traded in metals anymore because of the price action, but are back in the marketplace now. You asked, I think specifically about the customer, is the customer healthy - I don’t how you phrased it, but I will tell you that it’s amazing, and this is a story that we’ve been telling for 22 years, is when one asset class might quiet down, they go to another one. We’re seeing a big divergence into these metals from people that used to participate, that have gone other places. That’s really fascinating for us to continue to see, but the bigger part of the picture is all six asset classes are humming along, so I think it’s really healthy for the client across CME.
Dan Fannon: Great, thank you.
Operator: The next question in the queue is from Patrick Moley with Piper Sandler. Your line is open.
Patrick Moley: Yes, good morning. Thanks for taking the question. Terry, for a few quarters now, you’ve expressed an openness to potential M&A as an avenue of future growth, so was just hoping to get your updated thoughts on M&A and kind of the areas and asset classes that you’re focused on when it comes to potential M&A opportunities.
Terrence Duffy: Thanks Patrick. I don’t know if I’ve been open to discussing that. I think that I have said that CME is in a strong position, if in fact the right transaction was to come along and made sense for our shareholders and our clients. I’m not out looking for particular deals, I just said that we are in a strong position to do so, if it were to arise. Again, that mindset has not changed. One of the things that we are obviously excited about is what I just said - all six asset classes going at the same time. That may open up different opportunities as it relates to some potential M&A activity, if we see something, but again we’re not out shopping at the moment for anything, but we are always open to looking at something that’s of value to our clients and shareholders. What was the other part of your question, Patrick?
Patrick Moley: No, you hit on all of them. That was great. Thank you.
Terrence Duffy: Okay, thanks.
Operator: The next question in the queue is from Alex Kramm with UBS. Your line is open.
Alex Kramm: Yes, hey, good morning everyone. Just a quick one on market data. You pointed out some one time-ish, episodic revenues here - I think one was audit, and I get that, but the other one was in derived data and that was a bigger number, so maybe you can just remind us why that comes with sometimes episodic revenue. But then bigger picture, I think a few years ago, derived data was a big new initiative, and we would hope it is maybe a little bit more of a stable revenue source at this point, so maybe you can just give us an update where we stand, in particular as it also pertains to what you’re doing with Google on the market data side. Thanks.
Terrence Duffy: Thanks Alex. I’ll turn it over to Julie Winkler, and I don’t know if Sunil wants to chime in as it relates to Google. Julie?
Julie Winkler: Yes, thanks for the question, Alex. The data services business obviously in general had a great quarter - you know, $175 million in revenue, up another 6%. This is on the back of a record year from last year. The key growth part of that is certainly with our professional subscriber revenue - that is our core revenue base that is coming and delivering over 80% of that revenue. As it relates back to those more episodic [indiscernible] sporadic revenues each quarter, right, certainly we’ve talked a lot about the unpredictable nature of the audit. If you think about derived, there’s two pieces of derived data revenue, specifically an annual component of that as well as a variable component, and so there were some true-ups that we saw. It does bring out, I’d say, consistent revenue - again, these are contracts that are up for renewal, so I think we do see certainly some repeatability with the subscription and the nature of those agreements. But because of those two different key components, there is some spikes to them occasionally, and we did see that happen in this particular quarter. I’d say as it relates back to commercialization more broadly, definitely continuing to work with Google on our initiatives there. We’ve been very clear from the onset that our data business is a priority as we think about trying to deliver our data in new ways, and new solutions with them, and that work has continued throughout the quarter and so--you know, I think in one particular [indiscernible], we’ve talked about the transaction cost analysis and TTA work. That is in production today and is being used by our business and with our clients to help them make better business decisions. The BrokerTec [indiscernible] change that we’re having and the seven-year coming up in just a couple weeks, we specifically developed this result with being able to leverage this tool. We’re working to be able to share that directly with clients, but for now I think that is a good example of the innovation that we’re driving with our partners at Google [indiscernible] Sunil.
Sunil Cutinho: The only thing I’ll add is we have plan to add more [indiscernible] more data that’s available as risk management becomes a priority, as Terry has pointed out, so we’ll be working with our clients on stress scenarios, historical scenarios, so they can use that [indiscernible].
Terrence Duffy: Thanks Julie, thanks Sunil. Thanks Alex.
Alex Kramm: Thank you.
Terrence Duffy: Next question? Craig, we have you listed as the next speaker. Are you there? If any out there can hear us, we’re having a little trouble hearing the other side come in. We’re not hearing anything, so bear with us for one second.
Operator: Sir, Craig’s line is open. Craig, you may go ahead.
Terrence Duffy: Okay, thank you.
Craig Siegenthaler: Hey Terry, can you hear me?
Terrence Duffy: I can now, Craig. Thank you. I apologize for the delay.
Craig Siegenthaler: No worries. I was trying before, but nobody could hear me. Listen, guys, I know you plan to launch credit futures in June. There is an attractive capital efficiency component with the margin offset, especially against the rate product. How do you size up the TAM for this new segment, and how quickly do you expect volumes to ramp, just given your conversations with key participants?
Terrence Duffy: Yes, good question Craig, and I don’t know if we can answer it fully because we haven’t got the contract out yet, but that’s always the multi-million dollar question, as they say. Let me turn it over to Tim to talk a little bit about the market and the potential opportunity, what it might mean not only for the credit market but for markets that are correlated, associated with it, that CME already has today. Tim?
Tim McCourt: Great, thanks Terry. Craig, really appreciate the question. Ourselves and our clients are excited about the launch of credit futures on June 17, which will be indexed futures on the Bloomberg corporate bond indices. I think CME is uniquely positioned given our strength, both in the interest rate and equity complex. Credit tends to be at a nice intersection of those other asset classes but also offers a unique, distinct market where when you look at the recent growth in credit markets, that has an addressable market of about 90 billion average daily volume in terms of notional across the fixed income ETS, the CDX, the cash bonds, and even the underlying market is becoming more and more electronic. We think that the velocity of this market will continue, the need to hedge this market will continue as people become increasingly aware of managing their credit risk. To your point, Craig, we expect to offer margin efficiencies. Introducing capital efficiencies to enable our clients to manage their risk is something that is tried and true here at CME, and early indications, which are always subject to change, we think there will be a 70% margin offset between the U.S. treasury futures and the investment grade credit future, and 50% offsets against our [indiscernible] equity benchmarks for high yield. [Indiscernible] margin efficiencies in prior products and prior offerings is something that we believe and what we’re hearing from customers was a key hurdle for some of the other offerings to become successful, but to Terry’s point, while we can’t necessarily predict the future, we are optimistic. We’re hearing great things from clients, and given our ability to offer offsets against our asset classes in the base FNO fund and our unique leadership positions in the price formation of the associated asset classes, we’d certainly like to see what we can do with it come June, when this contract goes live.
Terrence Duffy: Thanks Tim. Thanks, Craig, for the question. Appreciate it.
Operator: Thank you so very much. Our next question is from Kyle Voigt, KBW. Sir, your line is open.
Kyle Voigt: Hi, good morning. Thanks for taking my question. Maybe a question for Lynne. I noticed that $750 million of debt moved into the short term bucket this quarter due to the expiration coming in early 2025. You are below your historical target leverage level of one times, and I think you could even issue a billion dollars of additional debt from current levels and still be below that threshold. I guess, would you consider increasing gross debt levels with upcoming refinancing to include that cash as part of the annual variable next year, or should we think about the debt simply being refinanced at current levels and--sorry to squeeze the second part of this question in, but could you also remind us how you think about maximum leverage if the right M&A opportunity were to present itself?
Lynne Fitzpatrick: Yes, thanks Kyle. We do have our next maturity coming up in March of 2025, so it’s certainly something we will be looking at over the course of this year. As you know, we don’t have a strong need for debt financing, but we do try and keep some bonds out in the market, just to keep our name in front of the investors and keep that credit work fresh. We’ll certainly be evaluating our approach for those bonds as we go through the course of the year. Certainly rates are higher now than when we did that issuance, so we will take that into account, but we haven’t made any decisions on level of refinancing or how we will do that at this point. In terms of the maximum target for M&A, we do value our strong investment grade rating, so that’s where we came out with that one times target. Certainly there is flex up in an M&A context, given the fact that we do generate a lot of cash and would be able to pay down that debt relatively quickly. I think it would all depend on the circumstance and the transaction if we were to execute, how far we would go on the leverage. I don’t have an exact target for you, but it’s something that we do try and balance the use of debt and equity in our transactions, as you’ve seen historically.
Kyle Voigt: Thank you.
Operator: Thank you. Our next question is from Brian Bedell with Deutsche Bank. Sir, your line is open now.
Brian Bedell: Great, thanks. Good morning folks. Thanks for taking my question. Let me just come back to the treasury futures complex. To what extent is the portfolio margining agreement with DTC contributing to the strong volume growth, or is it just more of a sideshow relative to the other dynamics? Then from the--I appreciate it’s very early in days for the treasury [indiscernible] dynamic, but would that potentially change the cross-margining agreement with DTC? If I could just squeeze in one more, I didn’t see the revenue for EBS and BrokerTec in the prepared quarterly summary. I don’t know if you can comment on those for 1Q.
Terrence Duffy: Yes Brian, we’re going to have to kind of wing this one a little bit, because I think we heard about every third word that you said, for some reason. I don’t know what’s going on with the line, but you kind of tapped out a few different times there. Can I just break this down? You asked about our treasury business, and you asked about DTCC and the offsets - is that correct? And then you asked about--just give me the headline of the other things.
Brian Bedell: Yes, maybe this is clearer. I was on my headset. Basically, the contribution from the portfolio margining in your treasury volumes, just to sort of categorically--is it really helping or is it merely more of the market dynamics? Then back to the treasury clearing question, maybe it’s early days, but does your application complicate things with the DTC agreement--
Terrence Duffy: Oh, okay. That’s the part I missed. That’s the part I missed. Okay, we got it. I’m going to let--I’m going to take your last question, but the first couple, I’m going to have Suzanne Sprague, who heads up our clearing and risk, deal with those. Suzanne?
Suzanne Sprague: Yes, thanks very much for the question. Just on the participation and the existing programs, we have seen some new clearing members take direct membership to be able to take advantage of that cross-margin program that is currently in place for house accounts between ourselves and the fixed income clearing corporation. I think it’s hard to quantify how much of that would be new activity versus activity that may have been cleared as clients grew existing clearing numbers prior to that. Tim McCourt may be able to chime in a little bit on his thoughts there about the growth in that activity, but generally our focus with the DTCC continues to be growing the participation in that program as well as extending that program to customers. It’s something that we’ve been working very closely as partners on and is still important to us in thinking about the clearing mandate and bringing to market more efficiencies for those end clients that could be impacted by the clearing mandate as well.
Terrence Duffy: Okay. Tim, do you have anything to add? I’ll talk about the relationship with DTCC, but--
Tim McCourt: I think the one thing I would add is when we look at the additive value of the CME one pop [ph] portfolio margin, where we have the futures against the--futures and options against the swaps, is that has grown significantly over the years, and while it’s hard to exactly draw a strict relationship, as Suzanne said, as those margin savings have grown to $7 billion to $8 billion last year per day, about $7 billion per day this year, along that our interest rate complex has doubled in volume and open interest, and that is the testament. We believe is we focus on unlocking capital efficiencies for our client, enabling them to more efficiently manage their risk, we would expect any further capital savings to have similar effects, but hard to say what that coefficient of growth might be. But we think it is a tailwind for our complex, and the more we can do to unlock those savings, the better we will do on the transaction side for futures, options and swaps here at CME.
Terrence Duffy: Thanks Tim, I think that’s really important. Let me just add, Brian, that on the relationship with DTCC as it relates to our treasury clearing application, I have spoken to those folks before I said anything publicly about this, and what I also said publicly when we announced this is that I do believe that DTCC has the most efficient offering in clearing of these products today. We didn’t create the mandate that’s coming at us in 2026. We have an obligation, as I’ve told my friends at DTCC, that we have to go through with this application. We don’t know what’s going to happen in 2026 when the mandate kicks in, what the market structure is going to look like, is it going to change, is it going to be the same. But I can’t wait until 2026 to file an application, so that’s why we’re doing it now. We are being prepared, and if we are going to use it, we’ll use it. If it’s not necessary because a better offering comes out of DTCC with the efficiencies for the clients, we will stay with DTCC. That’s really where we stand on the relationship and the application, if that makes sense to you.
Brian Bedell: Yes, that’s a great answer. Thank you for that.
Lynne Fitzpatrick: Then Brian, you had just asked for this data point on the cash market--
Brian Bedell: EBS and brokerage, yes.
Lynne Fitzpatrick: The total trading revenue for the quarter was $69 million, similar to Q4, and the total revenue from cash markets, including data and some of the connectivity, was also consistent with Q4 at $92 million.
Brian Bedell: Great, okay. And between EBS and BrokerTec, similar to Q4?
Lynne Fitzpatrick: Yes, so if you break that out, BrokerTec was at $38 million, in line with Q4, and EBS was at $31 million. That’s just the trading.
Brian Bedell: Yes, thank you.
Terrence Duffy: Thanks Brian, appreciate it.
Operator: Thank you all. Our next question now is from Alex Blostein with Goldman Sachs. Ma’am, your line is open.
Alex Blostein: Hey everybody, good morning. A question on the energy markets for you guys again. Definitely good to see momentum in overall volumes picking up here in April and over the course of the first quarter, but it looks like the market share trends between you guy and ICE and WTI continue to kind move a little bit more towards ICE, or those share gains have been relatively sticky. You gave us a bit of an update, I think last quarter, on the underlying composition of the mix, kind of what’s been driving that, so hoping you could update that and give us a sense of whether or not you’re seeing any shift in the underlying producers, consumers, more kind of core user base there, and if CME is working on anything to claw some of the market share back. Thanks.
Terrence Duffy: Thanks Alex. Let me just touch on the first point, on the first quarter especially as it relates to energy and the market share. The market share did not shift from Q3 into--or Q4 into Q1, excuse me, as it relates to market share, so I’m--they’re not continuing to supposedly take market share. Again, the way we count market share is all of our different products that we have, including our Gulf Coast contracts that we did not maybe point out as clearly over the last several years, so I don’t see the market share that you’re referring to in Q1. As it relates to the other parts of your question, I’m going to ask Derek to answer them.
Derek Sammann: Yes, thanks. Appreciate the question, Alex. As Terry mentioned at the top of the call, the breadth and the scale and the diversity of the franchise here is, I think, yielding benefits for shareholders and certainly providing multiple ways that customers use us to manage risk. Energy delivered strong results in the first quarter this year, up 16%. When you look at the significant participant of where that business is growing, we saw the fastest growth in our buy side and commercial customers, and we saw record options level at the overall level as well. When you look at energy being a key contributor to our non-U.S. growth, our non-U.S. growth in energy was up 38% this year, as well as our record options volume up almost 60%. That’s helping to drive a strong RPC (NYSE:RES) of a little over $1.33 in the energy business. If you look at the core benchmark products, and I’ll come back to the point Terry just made, when you compare our WTI contracts to ICE’s WTI contracts, our market share in Q1 was flat in Q4, about 74%. When you look at our WTI options against ICE’s WTI options, we actually saw an increase in market share to 89% from 86%, so where we compete directly with ICE, we are either maintaining or growing that market share. But let me talk a little bit about what’s actually going on. When the U.S. is actually producing and exporting crude oil at record levels, follow that physical flow, and what does that mean? That means we have new and record amounts of non-U.S. customers that have exposure to U.S. crude and also Henry Hub to the same degree, so that’s an increasing set of customer participants that we have not seen before, which is why when you look at where the growth is happening in our WTI complex particularly, we’re seeing our non-U.S. WTI growth of up 30% and our commercial customers up 21%. The very customers, whether it’s the buy side or the commercial customers, that are looking for that open interest and looking for the best exposure for the energy markets, are coming to see WTI to manage that risk. The other parts of the franchise that Terry talked about, our WTI franchise isn’t just our WTI futures and options, it’s our grades contracts which continues to grow. We actually just exceeded our open interest in our grades contracts exceeding 600,000 contracts - that’s up almost 50% year-on-year to a new record. Alex, that’s important because 80% of that open interest holding is with commercial customers, to have exposure to the global export market out of the U.S. and into Europe and Asia. When we think about that growth and the client segments and the regional growth, it’s reflective of the physical flows going out into the rest of the world. Pivoting over to the benchmark Henry Hub side of the market, I’ll say a similar thing to what Terry just talked about. When we look at our Henry Hub franchise, compare that to ICE’s Henry Hub franchise, you actually see that not only have we set a record total Henry Hub volume for futures and options in first quarter of this year, but we’ve also hit records of underlying options as well. From a competitive perspective, we actually grew our market share to 81% versus 80% last year, and that’s up from 77% in 2022. Our options business was actually up as well - I think we’re up at 66% market share, up from 59% market share last year. We want to be clear, and I think Terry laid this out well - in the markets where we have competitive dynamics, where we have our Henry Hub contracts against listed elsewhere, our WTI contracts against listed elsewhere, we’re maintaining stable share and we’re growing the OI. With that, I’ll pass it back to you.
Terrence Duffy: Thanks Derek. Alex, hopefully that gives you some clarity.
Alex Blostein: Great, very helpful. Thanks guys.
Operator: Our next question now is from Ken Worthington with JPMC. Your line is open.
Ken Worthington: Hi, good morning. Thanks for taking the question. I wanted to extend the competitive landscape question to rates. FMX is launching later this summer. Do you see merits to the FMX value proposition? If so, which customer segments might FMX be best positioned to pursue, and given that Olive tried to compete with CME and rates in the past and have failed, what would you need to see to conclude that FMX might be different?
Terrence Duffy: Ken, let me answer this in this way. First of all, I have sat here for 22 years as the Chairman and CEO of this company since we went public, and I’ve seen nothing but competition my entire career, so this is no different. I take every single bit of competition seriously, as I’m sure others do about CME as we continue to move our business forward. We have about as much information as everybody else does on what their offering is, which is zero. I don’t know what their offering is, and I won’t say the party, but Tim just referenced our one pop margining that saves an additional $7 billion to $8 billion a day. We also have an additional offset with FIC, which we just got approved, which we have multiple clients using today that are exceeding 80% efficiencies using that service that we offer today, so we think we have a really strong offering going forward against whoever wants to compete in this product or any of our other asset classes. We feel like we’re in a good position. We believe that capital efficiencies are the name of the game, and you have to have them. If you want to just do a me-too strategy, then people will do that. It’s a very attractive business - I get it, but again, I think you have to have the capital efficiencies. It’s hard to walk away from $7 billion, $8 billion a day in efficiencies, and it’s hard to walk away from an additional 80%-plus that they are receiving associated with FIC now and our new offering, that we just accomplished in the last several months. I think that’s very powerful, and that’s all I’ll say about what they’re doing.
Ken Worthington: Okay, great. Thank you.
Operator: Our next question is from Owen Lau with Oppenheimer. Sir, your line is open.
Owen Lau: Good morning. Thank you for taking my question. Just a quick one on the expense guidance. First quarter adjusted expense was lower than our expectation, but you maintained the full year guidance. Is there any investment that you paused in the first quarter that you expect to incur over the next few quarters, or is there some conservatism baked in here? Thanks.
Lynne Fitzpatrick: Thanks, Owen, for the question. We do have some project-based work that we do expect to ramp up over the course of the year for things like the Google migration, securities clearing that we’ve mentioned on the call previously. You’ll also see a ramp-up in terms of the consumption, so in the technology line as we’re moving more into the cloud, we will see that grow over the course of the year, so we do see some of those items growing as we move forward and then we do typically see that higher spend related to marketing events in the fourth quarter. There wasn’t a particular pause, I just think it’s timing on some of these project-based spends that we still expect to come through in the course of the year, making us comfortable with our guidance.
Owen Lau: Thanks a lot.
Operator: Our next question is from Michael Cyprys, Morgan Stanley. Sir, your line is open.
Michael Cyprys: Great, thank you. Just wanted to ask a question on the cash rates BrokerTec business and the interest rate swaps - both of those have seen a bit more limited growth. I was just hoping you could unpack some of the drivers and moving pieces there that you’re seeing. Maybe you could touch upon the competitive landscape, how you see that evolving, and what sort of potential uplift could we see to the BrokerTec business and interest rate swaps business from the cross-margining benefits that you have noted here on the call, and then maybe you could speak to some other initiatives that could help accelerate growth as you look out over the next year or two.
Terrence Duffy: Thanks Michael. I’m going to ask Tim to start, and I might join in as well and see where he goes. Tim?
Tim McCourt: Great, thanks Terry, and thanks Michael. Certainly when we look at our BrokerTec business, volatility has come in since the start of the year, and that tends to favor the internalization of flow with less being sent to our CLOB, and that’s what we’ve seen in Q1, so not necessarily surprising in that regard. We still do get some of the risk layoff and the risk recycling into the CLOB, so given the backdrop, not surprising where we are. But it’s important to note that when we look at the U.S. active CLOB, that’s only part of the story for BrokerTec. U.S. repo had a strong quarter where that year-to-date ADV is just about $300 billion per day - that’s up 5% year-over-year, and also the value prop of the BrokerTec platform remains extraordinary. It’s important that we focus on the totality of the risk management capabilities. Myself and the team look forward to engaging with all of you in the other parts of our business to better understand and showcase things like repo and BrokerTec quote, which is now up to an impressive $45 billion to $50 billion per day. When we look at the interest rate swap, that business here at CME, still having a very strong quarter here in Q1, so seeing all near record levels in the major three Latin American currencies that we clear. That is a growth story, and it’s really important, to Terry’s earlier comments. These are all pieces of how we approach the totality of managing risk for the interest rate complex and the needs of our clients. These things go together, and it’s important than when we look at what we’ve been able to achieve in OTC markets, what we’ve been able to do in providing continued risk management for BrokerTec, that’s alongside record futurization in the treasury complex, where our futures and options at CME remain the leading center of price discovery and risk management. With treasury futures now at a record 113% of the cash market in terms of the value being traded every day, they really have to look at all of the pieces of the puzzle together to understand the breadth of the offering here at CME for rate.
Terrence Duffy: Thanks Tim. You said what I was going to say, so that was very good - not all of it, I didn’t have all that, so thank you. Michael, hopefully that addressed your question as it relates to BrokerTec and what we’re doing and where we look at it from the percentages with others.
Michael Cyprys: Thank you.
Operator: Our next question now is from Simon Clinch with Redburn Atlantic. Your line is open.
Simon Clinch: Hi everyone. Thanks for taking my question. Most of my questions have been answered already, but I was wondering if you could just walk through sort of where we are in the long term progress with the Google cloud migration. I’m curious if you could talk about the sort of innovations that you are coming up with in partnership with Google to deal with the back end aims of that migration in terms of moving the rest of the business to the cloud, dealing with your co-location clients and things like that. Quite longer term stuff, but interested nonetheless.
Terrence Duffy: I’m going to turn it to Sunil, Simon; but on the back end of your question, we are obviously, and I’ve said this from the beginning, we will wait until the work is complete. I’m assuming the back end, you’re referring to the markets going into the cloud - is that where you were going?
Simon Clinch: Yes, that’s right. Yes.
Terrence Duffy: Okay, so again, that is yet to be finalized, and the data center is yet to be finalized. We’re working on all those things, but again as I’ve said from the very beginning of this transaction, I will not put CME’s markets into the cloud or any other platform unless it’s better than, more efficient than what CME offers today to its clients. When we get that, we’ll make that final decision, but we have not seen that product yet. They’re working on it, and Sunil and his team are working on it, so we can’t answer the back part of that question just yet. Sunil can answer the beginning part.
Sunil Cutinho: I’ll answer two aspects of that question. One is related to migration of the non-market workloads, and there we are making very good progress. We intend to migrate our clearing regulatory services and business intelligence services this year, subject to regulatory approval, of course. Then the second aspect of it is the data platform, we spoke a little bit about it. What we have done is we stood up our data platform. We have over 26 petabytes of rich historical information that includes our market data, instantaneous order book, so this information will be available for monetization in the future. We are adding to it risk information as we are migrating our clearing workloads, and the risk information will be risk scenarios, and I spoke to that later as far as monetization of those in future cycles.
Terrence Duffy: Does that answer your question, Simon? Okay, I think we lost Simon. Simon, thank you very much for your question.
Operator: Our next question is from Benjamin Budish with Barclays. Your line is now open.
Benjamin Budish: Hi, good morning, and thanks for taking the question. Maybe just following up on that last point on the market data side, can you maybe talk about how you think about the longer term growth potential of that offering? It sounds like there’s plenty of other opportunities to kind of increasingly add value to the package there. What about in terms of the client base? How do you think about the penetration of potential subscribers versus opportunities to kind of enhance what you’re adding? Thank you.
Terrence Duffy: Thanks Ben, good question. I’ll turn it over to Ms. Winkler for a response.
Julie Winkler: All right, I think I will start where Sunil was talking. I mean, I think as it relates to being able to have our consolidated data sets [indiscernible] so as we think about easing on-boarding to those tools and [indiscernible] analytics, able to offer [indiscernible], these are new opportunities that we otherwise did not have, and I think the ability to really facilitate access to customers to our data, we’re seeing a lot of interest from customers as well for the risk management capabilities, more explainability into our margin model, and this is towards our business. We’re here to manage risk, and our ability to be able to provide them data and insights much faster, we believe will not just help our data business but also be additive to our SaaS-based business. But we continue to see strong demand on the professional subscriber side. The [indiscernible] data, as we talked about earlier, putting the one-time activity aside from Q1, we’re still seeing strong demand, and that is really a product [indiscernible] benchmark and that price discovery that we’re offering to our customer base. I’d say the participation regionally has also been extremely strong, and so I think collectively we’re looking at the business as not just you have to continue to provide data sets, new offerings [indiscernible] access to it, but how are we leveraging our [indiscernible] that more attractive, that part of the package. We had record cross-sell across our [indiscernible] so that’s been an initiative over the last couple [indiscernible] really making sure we are selling data and those services alongside our existing [indiscernible] product [indiscernible] be a result of that as well, so feel very positive [indiscernible].
Terrence Duffy: Thanks Julie. Benjamin, thank you for the question.
Operator: We now have a question from Alex Kramm with UBS. Your line is open.
Alex Kramm: Yes, hey again. Just wanted to pop back in for a model clean-up. Can you just, unless I missed it, give us an update on cash and non-cash collateral, rates you’ve realized, etc., stuff that I often ask anyways?
Terrence Duffy: Lynne?
Lynne Fitzpatrick: Sure, Alex. For the quarter, average U.S. cash balance is about $76 billion, and we earned about 36 basis points on that cash. On the non-cash, the average balances for the quarter were about $159 billion, earning 10 basis points.
Alex Kramm: Any updates how it’s trending? I think cash seems to be trending a little bit softer, but maybe a quick update. I know it’s only been three weeks.
Lynne Fitzpatrick: Yes, so far in April, our average U.S. dollar cash balance is about $73 billion, and the non-cash is averaging $160 billion, $163 billion, so similar to what we saw in Q4--sorry, Q1, excuse me.
Alex Kramm: Excellent, thanks for that.
Terrence Duffy: Thanks Alex.
Operator: Our next question is from Eli Abboud with Bank of America. Your line is open.
Eli Abboud: Hi, good morning. This is Eli Abboud from Craig’s team. Thanks for squeezing me in. Given the prospect of new competition, I was hoping you could speak to the size of your network in interest rate futures, and maybe more specifically, how many unique firms are providing liquidity in rates futures on a daily basis, and when you look at the top handful of market makers, what proportion of liquidity provision are they accounting for?
Terrence Duffy: Yes, thanks Eli. We don’t--I’m going to let Tim go ahead and answer it, then I’ll jump in as well.
Tim McCourt: Yes, thanks Eli. As you can understand, we don’t comment on the number of exact firms providing liquidity in a given market or at a given time, or who’s in what provision program or what a certain subset of participants might be doing. The anonymity of the CLOB is an important part of the efficacy and efficiency of risk transfer and price discovery process here at CME, but what I can tell you is that our network is strong for interest rate futures, and to your question, while liquidity providers are an important part of this ecosystem, they are not the only part. We have a mix of customer personas with different and risk management needs that leads to the efficient transfer of risk when the market and our participants need it most. If we look to the growing and record-setting ADVS in our complex for treasury, futures and options, as Terry said, nearly 8 million contracts per day. We have record daily open interest levels in our combined futures complex--sorry, our combined rates futures complex of over $33 million. Large open interest holders topped a new record of 3,300 large traders just earlier this month, and again the capital efficiencies we’ve talked about at length on this call, when you combine all of these things, it’s fair to say our network is immensely strong, global in nature, and is vital to allow our participants to continue to manage their risk.
Terrence Duffy: Thanks Tim. Thanks Eli, appreciate your question.
Eli Abboud: Thanks.
Operator: Our next question is from Brian Bedell with Deutsche Bank. Your line is now open.
Brian Bedell: Great, thanks very much. Mine is on the cash collateral, but I will squeeze one more in on rates, if I can. The basis trading, just if you want to--if you can comment on your view on how that component of trading may continue to progress through the year. Clearly there’s a lot of value in the arbitrage process there, and of course TradeWeb has made an acquisition of a systematic trader rates in. Do you see that as expanding the activity in basis trading, or the other way around?
Terrence Duffy: Thanks Brian. Tim, do you want to continue?
Tim McCourt: Sure. Brian, I think certainly when we look at the basis trading, it’s a trade that has persisted in the market now for several years. When we look at the combination of trading futures alongside cash, that’s certainly something CME is uniquely positioned in our ability to help facilitate that. But it is important to note that basis trading does change some of the characteristics of how participants may be trading or the size they may be trading in and the different modalities they use, so it’s important for us to make sure we’re working with all of the participants, whether they are banks, hedge funds, market makers, or even other providers such as TradeWeb that you mentioned, they’re all connecting to CME on the futures side of the transaction, so that’s something that when we combine these assets together for BrokerTec and CME, that’s a very hard thing for the marketplace to replicate. It’s an important trade, it’s continuing, and it’s something with the rate environment we’re in, we do expect it to continue, but hard to say if it will continue to grow or shrink from here. But the important part is when clients need to manage that risk, we have both tools here at CME for them to be able to [indiscernible].
Terrence Duffy: Thanks Tim. Thanks Brian, appreciate your question.
Brian Bedell: Thank you.
Operator: Our next question is from Owen Lau with Oppenheimer. Your line is open.
Owen Lau: Thank you for also squeezing me in. I know it’s not material to your financials, but it’s getting much attention recently. If the SEC were to [indiscernible] security, how would CME respond to it? Thanks.
Terrence Duffy: Yes, thanks Owen. On the crypto, Tim?
Tim McCourt: Thanks Owen. It’s certainly something that we’ve heard customers talk about, markets and whether or not Ether will become a security. However, it’s important to note our primary regulator, the CFTC, has said unequivocally that Ether is a commodity. Based on that clarity, we have listed this product for years under the CFTC’s exclusive jurisdiction. The SEC did not object to this approach when we listed the contract. That will be the path we take forward until we learn otherwise with respect to our Ether futures and options here at CME Group.
Terrence Duffy: But the way you asked your question is correct. The business is not that material to CME. We are in this asset class, but we are not all-in on this asset class. I think that’s important. We’re in the liquid product, that’s it.
Owen Lau: I got it. Thanks a lot.
Terrence Duffy: Thank you.
Operator: Our last question today is from Michael Cyprys with Morgan Stanley. Your line is open.
Michael Cyprys: Thanks for taking the follow-up, appreciate it. I wanted to circle back on the Google cloud migration, and your migration of clearing services and market data to the cloud. Just curious how you think about new services that you can provide customers over time, as well as new revenue monetization opportunities over time. If you look out five, 10 years, I guess, how do you see the evolution of your business as more of it over time will be moving to the cloud?
Terrence Duffy: Sunil?
Sunil Cutinho: I will answer the capabilities and then Julie Winkler will talk a little bit about the commercialization of them. What we’ve done over the last two years is we’ve made margin calculation services available on the cloud. There are two types, one is your current margin calculation that was the first to be released, following that we allowed clients to actually calculate historical calculations. Now, we are allowing our clients to actually compute margin intra-day, so as you can see, we are progressing to give clients increased visibility into risk in a highly scalable way and far more real time. The next thing we are going to introduce for our clients is optimization. We have talked a lot about portfolio margining, we have talked a lot about portfolio margining with multiple risk pools. Optimization is the ability to give clients the tools to move positions between these risk pools to get the best margin treatment, and we are unique in that way. We’re one of the only clearinghouses that provides these services, so we are making that available on Google cloud as well towards the end of this year as we migrate [indiscernible]. Following that, we are releasing a few APIs to some of our services that can be accessed by our clients. Our Fed Watch API, which gives clients the ability to anticipate Fed actions in our markets is now available. We have a few clients taking advantage of that. I’m going to forward that now to Julie to talk a little bit about [indiscernible].
Julie Winkler: I think Sunil touched on a few of the items that we have in process. There is certainly a distribution component to this, right - we have an extremely large market data distribution network today, and being able to offer our data in the cloud gives us another avenue to do that. It also allows us to do different data packaging than what we do today. We can provide much more customization, for example, with the offering that we have today. It’s been live for a number of years in the cloud with Google. Customers can come to us if they just want, say, crypto data as one particular example, so it’s a lot more flexibility, I would say, in the data packaging and the offering and the distribution. It allows us to also package that data in a way that is much more consumable to our clients, and we’re working with our technology teams to also find ways where we can create cloud environments where customers are taking the data from many different sources, so can we create safe, secure environments where they can bring in CME data and use it alongside their existing data, and we believe there’s some commercialization opportunities among that as well. As I mentioned earlier, if you think about analytics and APIs, there will be commercial opportunities there. Some of that is building on analytics that we already offered, but also how we are going to look to build new things, that is going to take a little bit of time, and so I think I would think about that a little bit more of a slow burn as we set up those commercialization opportunities. Ultimately, it’s about how we can have this data reinforce both the risk management that we’re providing to our customers and also our transaction-based businesses.
Terrence Duffy: Lynne, did you want to add?
Lynne Fitzpatrick: Yes, just one thing to add there, Michael. How we commercialize these opportunities is still to be determined. These may be tools that we want to get in the hands of as many people as we can, because they might lead to more growth and trading opportunities and just overall scalability of access to our markets. We could see benefits of this coming through trading and clearing fees, we could see specific products that we want to monetize through subscription-type fees, but that’s to be determined, where you will actually see that incremental revenue.
Terrence Duffy: Michael, hopefully that gives you some clarity [indiscernible].
Michael Cyprys: Great, thanks so much.
Terrence Duffy: Thank you.
Operator: This is the Operator. I apologize for the technical difficulties experienced. Thank you very much for your patience.
Terrence Duffy: No problem.
Operator: Now I’ll hand it back to management for closing remarks.
Terrence Duffy: Thank you, I appreciate that. Let me just say, I appreciate everybody that participated in today’s call, and those that can’t, we look forward to continually communicating with you. I want to say one thing before we close. I think it’s really interesting - when you look at CME Group, we’ve talked about all six of our asset classes being up in Q1. That is a great sign. We got a question about the health of the client - I think that points to the health of the client and the expansion of the client, and Julie Winkler and her sales team are out there creating new clients and people are managing their risk, and we’re saying that because open interest year-to-date is also up across all six asset classes. This is exactly what we’ve been talking about over the last year and a half as we talk about risk and people needing to manage that risk. They’re doing it across the board and new participants are coming in - that’s a very attractive proposal for CME Group. That being said, I want to thank each and every one of you for participating again today, and be safe.
Operator: As we are concluded, again thank you for your participation. Please disconnect at this time.
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