I’ve taken plenty of bond math classes. The best of them was in the summer of 2001 at Lehman Brothers. Lehman Brothers wasn’t going to teach a bad bond math class, not at the firm that became synonymous with bond trading itself. Pity I ended up in stocks.
Now, the tables have been turned, and I am the old, wizened professor, dropping some knowledge on the younger generation. I occasionally teach finance to MBA students and there are a couple of chapters on bonds where the students have to get their calculators out.
Relationship Between Bonds And Interest Rates
Monday’s class was all about duration, which is a concept most of you are hopefully familiar with. I like to say that duration has two definitions:
- The weighted average time to maturity of all coupon and principal payments
- The sensitivity of a bond’s price to changes in interest rates. (Some people refer to duration as a measure of bond price volatility. But volatility is something different. It’s the sensitivity to changes in interest rates. Small but important semantic difference.)
It is the second definition that most people know. If you own a bond, you are exposed (positively or negatively) to changes in interest rates. If interest rates go up a percent or two, you want to know what is going to happen to the price of your bond.
Two things we need to know about duration:
- Longer-term bonds have more duration
- Lower-coupon bonds have more duration
The on-the-run 30-year bond has a coupon of 2.25%, which is about as low as you can get, which means lots of duration. We’ll talk about this bond in a second.
So at the beginning of class, I asked everyone: “Are bonds risky or not?”
They said not.
Made for an interesting class.
Bonds Are Risky
There is a thumb rule in bond mathematics:
- If interest rates go up 1%, the price of the bond will decline approximately (duration) percent.
It’s a thumb rule, it’s not exact. And because it’s not exact, people are going to get upset, but the whole point of a thumb rule is to get people to understand a difficult concept more easily.
So yes, if the duration of a 10-year note is 9, and interest rates rise from 1.6% to 2.6%, the bond will lose approximately 9% of its value.
So rates go up 1% and a bond goes down 9%. Is that risky?
You mean bonds lose value?
That will come as news to most people.
Actually, bonds can lose a lot of value. And my guess is that people have been lengthening their duration in order to get a little extra yield. By moving into long-dated bonds, people have massively increased their interest rate risk.
Lots of people are in long-term government bond funds. Okay, so what is the duration of the on-the-run 30-year bond?
Source: Bloomberg
About 21 and change. So if long-term rates rise from 2.4% to 3.4%, the value of the long bond will decline by about 21%.
Are bonds risky? You bet.
What happens if interest rates rise by 2%? Certainly not unheard of.
The price of the bond will decline by 35–40%.
My guess is that people don’t know that their government bond funds could decline by 35–40%.
My guess is that their financial advisors don’t even know that. Most financial advisors have not taken the fancy bond math class at Lehman. They took the Series 7, which doesn’t quite cover it.
Think about this: if people thought that there was a realistic chance that stocks could go down 35–40%, would they invest in stocks? No.
If people thought there was a realistic chance that their bond funds could go down 35–40%, they would probably sleep with one eye open.
Corporate Bonds Are Sensitive To Interest Rates
Corporates have duration, too. The math is a little more complicated once you start introducing credit, but yes, a corporate bond is also sensitive to changes in interest rates.
Remember the “taper tantrum” of 2013?
There was some aggressive chatter about rate hikes out of the Fed, and it sent 10-year yields from 1.6% to 3%, in a hurry. Remember what else happened at about the same time? The big Apple bond issue.
Apple issued billions of 10-year paper, one of the biggest bond issues ever, and no sooner was the trade ticket stamped that the bonds went from 100 bid to 90 bid.
And everyone was like: Holy cow, I just lost 10% on Apple (NASDAQ:AAPL) bonds. These bonds have interest rate risk!
Interest rates have been going down for so many years, I think people have forgotten that they can go up. And that bad things can happen when they do.
I’ve been pretty noisy about calling for higher interest rates, which has been the wrong call, but I will say this at least: when it happens, it is going to be ugly. People are completely unprepared.
In fact, it could be the biggest trade in decades. Remember 1994?
Rates back up a few percent, Mexico blows up, Orange County blows up, Procter & Gamble (NYSE:PG) blows up, to name a few.
When interest rates go up, stuff blows up™.
That’s all you need to know.