By Shivani Singh, Aaron Sheldrick and Noah Browning
BEIJING (Reuters) - How humanity confronts climate change may come down to the intentions behind two words.
The U.N. COP26 climate conference adopted a final deal U.N. climate agreement clinched after late drama over coal on Saturday that at the last minute dropped wording calling for the "phase out" of coal-fired power, replacing it with "phase down".
Producers of coal - the most polluting fossil fuel - and countries that consume oil, gas and coal said the change of wording showed they had successfully defended the use of natural resources for which demand is still high and supply is tight.
"If we are to successfully transition to the energy system of tomorrow, we cannot simply unplug from the energy system of today," Sultan al-Jaber, Chief Executive of Abu Dhabi state oil company Abu Dhabi National Oil Co (ADNOC), said on Monday.
"We cannot just flip a switch."
The oil and gas industry will need to invest over $600 billion a year until 2030 to meet expected demand, he said.
The wording change, and a clause calling for an end to fossil fuel subsidies qualified as "inefficient", upset progressive nations and climate activists.
Industry watchers saw a mixed bag.
"Last-minute changes reflect current realities of individual energy markets where countries aim to prioritise supply security over environmental goals," said Prakash Sharma of Natural resources consultancy Wood Mackenzie.
The agreement was widely applauded for keeping alive prospects of capping global warming at 1.5 degrees Celsius, but many of the nearly 200 nations had wanted to leave the conference in Glasgow with more.
"We were disappointed with the last-minute change to the language around coal", said Simon Kofe, foreign minister of the low-lying nation of Tuvalu which sees itself as on the front line of the climate battle.
"I think we were quite disappointed, as well as other Pacific island countries, with that last-minute change," Kofe told Reuters. "It's basically the survival of countries like Tuvalu (at stake)."
'LIKE QUITTING CIGARETTES'
The success of India, backed by China and other coal-dependent developing nations, in clinching the less decisive language on coal brought British COP26 President Alok Sharma to the brink of tears.
Developing countries, finally enjoying boom growth, are suspicious of efforts by prosperous Western countries - where fossil fuel production has already peaked - to curb coal output.
The two-week conference in Scotland delivered a major win in resolving rules around carbon markets, but did little to assuage vulnerable countries’ concerns about long-promised climate financing from rich nations.
The more vulnerable countries say developed nations largely responsible for warming the planet must finance their efforts both to transition away from fossil fuels and to adapt to increasingly severe climate impacts.
"No COP will impose real restrictions on fossil fuels, the fossil countries always block such ideas," said Tomas Kåberger, professor at Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
Energy markets, roiled by shortages and see-sawing demand and supply trends during the COVID-19 pandemic, may make a transition even harder.
Natural gas, coal and oil all suffered investment shortfalls during COVID-19 lockdowns but a rebound in demand suggests bad habits are hard to kick.
China, the world's top coal producer and consumer, on Monday posted its highest monthly output of the fossil fuel for October since March 2015 as mines raised production to boost supply for winter heating and to tackle a power crunch.
Coal stocks in China fell after the climate deal but a tight supply environment provided a floor for prices.
Japan's Jera, the world's biggest buyer of liquefied natural gas said it would pay $2.5 billion to buy a stake in Freeport LNG https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/japans-jera-buy-257-stake-freeport-lng-25-bln-2021-11-15 to secure long-term supplies for gas to power its electricity generation.
"Quitting coal is like quitting cigarettes," said Li Shuo, a Beijing-based senior climate adviser with Greenpeace, commenting on the outlook for coal after COP26.
"It won't be pain-free, but it has be done, not only for others but for oneself."