(Reuters) - 1/CUTTING RATES, CUTTING QT
Investors have zero doubt the U.S. Federal Reserve will cut interest rates on July 31 for the first time in more than a decade. For weeks, money markets have bet on a 25 basis point rate reduction in July, CME Group's FedWatch tool shows, and while chances of a half-point cut briefly shot up to 60% in mid-July, they have settled back at around 25%.
But interest rates may not be the only item on the to-do list during the two-day debate around the Fed's board room table. Currently, the U.S. central bank rolls off billions of dollars of maturing bonds from its balance sheet each month without reinvesting the proceeds. That balance sheet reduction -- quantitative tightening as it's known -- has, since October 2017, whittled down what had been $4.25 trillion of bond holdings which the Fed accumulated between 2008 and 2014.
The program is set to end in September, but with only a month to go, why wait? Many Fed policymakers are leery of having two policy tools -- interest rates and balance sheet size -- working at cross-purposes. Top Wall Street firms, Goldman Sachs (NYSE:GS) among them, are in the end-it-now camp.
2/EASING ISN'T EASY
The European Central Bank is expected to go in all-guns-blazing with a variety of stimulus measures to ward off the curse of "Japanification" -- depressed growth, near-zero inflation and low or negative interest rates. But in Japan, which has been trying for years to extricate itself from that situation, policymakers have an even tougher job.
The Bank of Japan is divided on whether to ease policy or hold off. A rate cut would seem to make sense given Japan's dwindling exports, exposure to a slowing China and unwelcome currency strength. Oh, and stubbornly low inflation of course.
On the other hand, Japan's banks are already agonizing over negative interest rates. And many argue it may not be wise to dip into an alarmingly bare toolkit and use precious ammunition now, only to see the yen swiftly reverse any post-cut falls when the Fed lowers rates.
But not doing anything while everyone takes action is also not advisable. From that perspective, the ECB standing pat this month gives the BOJ some breathing space -- it may use words rather than action to show it will not lag behind when it comes to easing policy.
3/AGAINST THE TIDE
It's going to be a busy central banking week. The BOJ and Fed meetings will be followed by the Bank of England on Aug 1. It is expected to keep interest rates on hold as policymakers wait for the Brexit fog to clear.
But the meeting will be watched for policymakers' assessment of the British economy's current downturn, and how they might respond should the UK exit the European Union without a transition deal under new prime minister Boris Johnson.
Sterling has fallen more than 5% since May, largely on fears of a disorderly no-deal Brexit. Johnson, less than a week into the job, has already clashed with Brussels after he again called for the withdrawal deal to be rewritten and vowed to take Britain out of the EU on Oct. 31 regardless.
BoE policymakers must also contend with stuttering growth. Some analysts reckon the economy shrank in the April-June quarter; another poor showing this quarter would tip it into recession.
Markets now price in a 75% chance of a 25 basis point cut in interest rates in 2019 from the current 0.75%. That's a U-turn from a few months ago when a rate hike was expected by some. Still, the BoE may resist the global monetary easing tide and push back against rate-cut expectations. That would allow sterling to find support near 27-month lows of below $1.24 -- unless the deadlock between Brussels and London takes another turn for the worse.
4/SWEET OR SOUR?
U.S. and Chinese chief trade negotiators will lock horns on Tuesday in Shanghai in what will officially be their 12th round of meetings to try to diffuse a year-long trade war.
With President Trump's November 2020 re-election campaign not in full swing yet and Wall Street swaggering at record highs, Trump may not be feeling much pressure for the 'big beautiful deal' he has touted but markets will still want something.
What they don't want to see is the additional $300 billion of punitive tariffs on China coming back into view, followed by inevitable retaliation from Beijing.
World stocks have surged roughly 8% since early June. That sweet spot is of course down to central banks promising to go easy on policy but there also haven't been many trade war headlines to sour the mood. A bad meeting may well disrupt all that.
5/RECESSION IN EUROPE INC.
ECB Chief Mario Draghi reckons the risk of economic recession in the bloc is "pretty low". Indeed, Europe Inc looks more likely at the moment to dip into an earnings recession -- Refinitiv data shows corporate profits are on track to decline for the second straight quarter for the first time since mid-2016.
With the first slew of Q2 results out, full-year profit growth is now seen rising just 3%, whereas early-2019 forecasts put it at just under 10%.
Markets seem to be taking it in their stride. They have been rewarding companies with share price gains of 1.5%-3% if profits beat or meet already lowered estimates, while those falling short are not being penalized as much.
Nearly a fifth of euro zone companies have reported quarterly earnings so far and nearly half of them have beaten analysts' consensus. But that's mainly because expectations were sharply lowered ahead of the earnings season.
Two months back, analysts expected European companies to report 3.6% profit growth; now they see a half-percent decline.
Meanwhile, U.S. corporations seem to be in a much better position -- three-quarters of the S&P 500 companies have beaten earnings estimates so far this season, with post-earnings market reactions similar to Europe.