By Irene Klotz
CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. (Reuters) - Thirty years after the space shuttle Challenger exploded during liftoff, a new generation of spaceships continues to build on changes made after NASA's fatal accident.
Challenger blasted off from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida on the frigid morning of Jan. 28, 1986. The flight lasted just 73 seconds after a rubber seal in one of the shuttle's twin booster rockets failed, triggering an explosion.
The disaster exposed shuttle design shortcomings and operational problems in the U.S. space program. But it also helped seed a commercial space transportation industry that is now developing passenger spaceships.
Accident investigators also found that pressure to maintain a busy flight schedule contributed to Challenger's demise. At the time, NASA's four-ship shuttle fleet, flying several times a month, was the nation's sole space transportation system.
After the accident, then-President Ronald Reagan banned commercial satellites from the shuttles and bolstered military efforts to develop alternative launchers.
The policy shift laid the groundwork for today's commercial space transportation industry, which generated global revenues of $5.9 billion in 2014, according to a report last year by the Satellite Industry Association.
Accidents remain inevitable as the field matures, said Mike Leinbach, a former NASA shuttle launch director.
"Spaceflight is like any other big engineering system," he said, noting that cruise ships and aircraft became safer after accidents. "You get smart by successes. You get smart by failures. ... It's an evolution."
Six astronauts and a high school teacher flying aboard Challenger had no chance of escaping due to a spacecraft design decision, which is not being repeated on the passenger spaceships now under development.
These will launch on top of rockets, not alongside them, and have separate systems to fly crews to safety if a booster falters.
The Challenger accident also exposed NASA management problems. For example, the night before launch, engineers warned that freezing temperatures might be a problem for the shuttle booster rockets, but their concerns were quashed.
"I just hope that the new entrants into the market learn from the mistakes of the past," Leinbach said. "I see that happening."
So far, the only fatality in the emerging industry occurred in October 2014 when a pilot died testing an experimental passenger spaceship for Virgin Galactic, founded by British billionaire Richard Branson.
Investigators cited safety shortfalls and pilot inadequate training as key factors behind the accident.